[1] Hurrell R. The usefulness of elemental iron for cereal flour fortification: a SUSTAIN Task Force report. Sharing United States Technology to Aid in the Improvement of Nutrition. Nutr Rev. 2002. www.sustaintech.org/publications/pubEIEA.htm
[2] Van Wayenburg CA. Nutritional deficiency in Dutch primary care: data from general practice research and registration networks. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 . www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16052190?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=2
[3] REGULATION (EC) No 1925/2006 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 20 December 2006 on the addition of vitamins and minerals and of certain other substances to foods. Annex II. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32006R1925:en:NOT
Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies on a request from the Commission related to the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Iron (Request N° EFSA-Q-2003-018). www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa_locale-1178620753812_1178620766656.htm
[4] Zimmermann MB. Comparison of the efficacy of wheat-based snacks fortified with ferrous sulfate, electrolytic iron, or hydrogen-reduced elemental iron: randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in Thai women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/82/6/1276
“By comparing the total iron dose to the mean increase in total body iron in the 3 groups, 8% ferrous sulfate, 6% electrolytic iron, and 4% hydrogen-reduced iron were absorbed during the 35-wk trial in the ferrous sulfate, electrolytic iron, and hydrogen-reduced iron groups, respectively. Thus, in this population with low iron stores consuming snacks of moderate-to-high iron bioavailability, the relative efficacy of the electrolytic and hydrogen-reduced iron powders was 77% and 49%, compared with ferrous sulfate.”
[5] In de uitzending werd ook gesuggereerd dat melk het oplossen van ijzerpoeder in maagsap verhindert, maar dat blijkt niet uit onderzoek: zie Forbes AL. Comparison of in vitro, animal, and clinical determinations of iron bioavailability: International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group Task Force report on iron bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989. Table 9: absorption of electrolytic elemental iron from a milk farina porridge was 75% of FeSO4 in same meal. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2644802?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=1
[6] Allen L. Guidelines on Food Fortification with micronutrients. World Health Organization (WHO). Geneva. 2006 www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/guide_food_fortification_micronutrients.pdf
[7] Biebinger R. Efficacy of wheat-based biscuits fortified with microcapsules containing ferrous sulfate and potassium iodate or a new hydrogen-reduced elemental iron: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial in Kuwaiti women. Br J Nutr. 2009 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19653920?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=1
[8] Gillooly M, Bothwell TH, Torrance JD, MacPhail AP, Derman DP, Bezwoda WR et al. (1983). The effects of organic acids, phytates and polyphenols on the absorption of iron from vegetables. Br J Nutr 49, 331–342. Absorptie van ijzer uit spinazie is ca 1,4%. Article
[9] Absorptie uit spinazie is ca 1,4%, gehalte in gekookte spinazie is 1.9 mg/100 gram (UK) of 1.3 mg/100 g (NL), gemiddeld 1.6 mg/100 g.
Een verstrekkingseenheid gekookte spinazie van 70 gram levert dus 0.7 x 1.6 x 0.014 = 0.016 mg geabsorbeerd ijzer.
Absorptie van waterstof-gereduceerd ijzerpoeder is 4% (Zimmermann 2005). Stel dat dat gehalveerd wordt door de aanwezigheid van melk. Cornflakes bevat 8 mg ijzer per 100g. Een portie van 30 g Kellogg’s cornflakes bevat dus 2.4 mg ijzer en levert dan 2.4 x 0.02 = 0.048 mg geabsorbeerd ijzer.
[10] There are five different types of elemental Fe powders used for food fortification: (i) electrolytically reduced; (ii) H2-reduced; (iii) CO-reduced; (iv) atomized (reduced); and (v) carbonyl-Fe. Bovendien ontstaan er gemakkelijk verschillen in deeltjesverdeling en morfologie die de effectiviteit beinvloeden; zie Andang'o PE. Efficacy of iron-fortified whole maize flour on iron status of schoolchildren in Kenya: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17531887?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=1